Domain-specific hybrid mapping for energy-efficient baseband processing in wireless networks

Reference

Robert Khasanov, Julian Robledo, Christian Menard, Andres Goens, Jeronimo Castrillon, "Domain-specific hybrid mapping for energy-efficient baseband processing in wireless networks" (to appear), Proceedings of the 2021 International Conference on Compilers, Architecture, and Synthesis of Embedded Systems (CASES), IEEE Press, pp. 1-20, Oct 2021.

Abstract

Advancing telecommunication standards continuously push for larger bandwidths, lower latencies, and faster but also with a high workload heterogeneity. As a consequence of the required flexibility, baseband processing has seen a trend towards software implementations in cloud Radio Access Networks (cRANs). The flexibility gained from software implementation comes at the price of impoverished energy efficiency. This paper data rates. The receiver baseband unit not only has to deal with a huge number of users expecting connectivity
addresses the trade-off between flexibility and efficiency by proposing a domain-specific hybrid mapping algorithm. Hybrid mapping is an established approach from the model-based design of embedded systems that allows us to retain flexibility while targeting heterogeneous hardware. Depending on the current workload, the runtime system selects the most energy-efficient mapping configuration without violating timing constraints. We leverage the structure of baseband processing to enable efficient mapping of 100s of tasks at the millisecond granularity, improving upon state-of-the-art hybrid approaches. We validate our approach on an Odroid XU4 and virtual platforms with application-specific accelerators. In our evaluation on different LTE workloads, our hybrid approach achieves, in a median execution, the same performance with the same hardware resources, while only consuming about a third of the dynamic energy, compared to a work-stealing software scheduler.

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From Domain-Specific Languages to Memory-Optimized Accelerators for Fluid Dynamics

Reference

Karl F. A. Friebel, Stephanie Soldavini, Gerald Hempel, Christian Pilato, Jeronimo Castrillon, "From Domain-Specific Languages to Memory-Optimized Accelerators for Fluid Dynamics", Proceedings of the FPGA for HPC Workshop, held in conjunction with IEEE Cluster 2021, Sep 2021.

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PolyGym: Polyhedral Optimizations as an Environment for Reinforcement Learning

Reference

Alexander Brauckmann, Andrés Goens, Jeronimo Castrillon, "PolyGym: Polyhedral Optimizations as an Environment for Reinforcement Learning" (to appear), Proceedings of the 30th International Conference on Parallel Architectures and Compilation Techniques (PACT), Sep 2021.

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BLOwing Trees to the Ground: Layout Optimization of Decision Trees on Racetrack Memory

Reference

Christian Hakert, Asif Ali Khan, Kuan-Hsun Chen, Fazal Hameed, Jeronimo Castrillon, Jian-Jia Chen, "BLOwing Trees to the Ground: Layout Optimization of Decision Trees on Racetrack Memory" (to appear), Proceedings of the 58th Annual Design Automation Conference (DAC'21), ACM, Jul 2021.

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Embeddings of Task Mappings to Multicore Systems

Reference

Andrés Goens, Jeronimo Castrillon, "Embeddings of Task Mappings to Multicore Systems", Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Embedded Computer Systems Architectures Modeling and Simulation (SAMOS), Springer, Cham, Jul 2021.

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Domain specific languages to tame heterogeneous and emerging computing systems

Reference

Jeronimo Castrillon, "Domain specific languages to tame heterogeneous and emerging computing systems", In ACM SIGHPC conference Platform for Advanced Scientific Computing PASC'21 (keynote), Jul 2021.

Abstract

Programming heterogeneous computing systems is still a daunting task that will become even more challenging with the advent of emerging computer architectures. This complexity will make it harder to democratize high-performance computing, which already today highly relies on expert programmers to write efficient parallel code. This talk discusses domain specific languages (DSLs) as a promising avenue to tame heterogeneity for non-expert programmers. The high-level semantics in DSLs improves productivity while enabling coarser-grained optimization and safer code generation. Examples are provided from the domains of big-data, physics simulations and machine learning. The talk closes with insights on how compilers can leverage the high-level semantics of DSLs to optimize for emerging memory technologies.

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OCC: An Automated End-to-End Machine Learning Optimizing Compiler for Computing-In-Memory

Reference

Adam Siemieniuk, Lorenzo Chelini, Asif Ali Khan, Jeronimo Castrillon, Andi Drebes, Henk Corporaal, Tobias Grosser, Martin Kong, "OCC: An Automated End-to-End Machine Learning Optimizing Compiler for Computing-In-Memory", In IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems (TCAD), IEEE Press, Jul 2021. [doi]

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mpsym: Improving Design-Space Exploration ofClustered Manycores with Arbitrary Topologies

Reference

Andrés Goens, Timo Nicolai, Jeronimo Castrillon, "mpsym: Improving Design-Space Exploration ofClustered Manycores with Arbitrary Topologies", In IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems (TCAD), IEEE Press, Jul 2021. [doi]

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The OpenPME Problem Solving Environment for Numerical Simulations

Reference

Nesrine Khouzami, Lars Schütze, Pietro Incardona, Landfried Kraaz, Tina Subic, Jeronimo Castrillon, Ivo F. Sbalzarini, "The OpenPME Problem Solving Environment for Numerical Simulations", In Proceeding: International Conference on Computational Science (ICCS'21) (Paszynski, Maciej and Kranzlmüller, Dieter and Krzhizhanovskaya, Valeria V. and Dongarra, Jack J. and Sloot, Peter M. A.), Springer International Publishing, pp. 614–627, Cham, Jun 2021. [doi]

Abstract

We introduce OpenPME, the Open Particle-Mesh Environment, a problem solving environment that provides a Domain Specific Language (DSL) for numerical simulations in scientific computing. It is built atop a domain metamodel that is general enough to cover the main types of numerical simulations: simulations using particles, meshes, and hybrid combinations of particles and meshes. Using model-to-model transformations, OpenPME generates code against the state-of-the-art C++ parallel computing library OpenFPM. This effectively lowers the programming barrier and enables users to implement scalable simulation codes for high-performance computing (HPC) systems using high-level abstractions. Plenty of recent research has shown that higher-level abstractions and problem solving environments are well suited to alleviate low-level implementation overhead. We demonstrate this for OpenPME and its compiler on three different test cases—particle-based, mesh-based, and hybrid particle-mesh—showing up to 7-fold reduction in the number of lines of code compared to a direct OpenFPM implementation in C++.

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ALPHA: A Novel Algorithm-Hardware Co-design for Accelerating DNA Seed Location Filtering

Reference

Fazal Hameed, Asif Ali Khan, Jeronimo Castrillon, "ALPHA: A Novel Algorithm-Hardware Co-design for Accelerating DNA Seed Location Filtering", In IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing (IEEE TETC), 12 pp., Jun 2021. [doi]

Abstract

Sequence alignment is a fundamental operation in genomic analysis where DNA fragments called reads are mapped to a long reference DNA sequence. There exist a number of (in)exact alignment algorithms with varying sensitivity for both local and global alignments, however, they are all computationally expensive. With the advent of high-throughput sequencing (HTS) technologies that generate a mammoth amount of data, there is increased pressure on improving the performance and capacity of the analysis algorithms in general and the mapping algorithms in particular. While many works focus on improving the performance of the aligner themselves, recently it has been demonstrated that restricting the mapping space for input reads and filtering out mapping positions that will result in a poor match can significantly improve the performance of the alignment operation. However, this is only true if it is guaranteed that the filtering operation can be performed significantly faster. Otherwise, it can easily outweigh the benefits of the aligner. To expedite this pre-alignment filtering, among others, the recently proposed GRIM-Filter uses highly-parallel processing-in-memory operations benefiting from light-weight computational units on the logic-in-memory layer. However, the significant amount of data transferring between the memory and logic-in-memory layers quickly becomes a performance and energy bottleneck for the memory subsystem and ultimately for the overall system. By analyzing input genomes, we found that there are unexpected data-reuse opportunities in the filtering operation. We propose an algorithm-hardware co-design that exploits the data-reuse in the seed location filtering operation and, compared to the GRIM-Filter, cuts the number of memory accesses by 22-54%. This reduction in memory accesses improves the overall performance and energy consumption by 19-44% and 21-49%, respectively.

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An online guided tuning approach to run CNN pipelines on edge devices

Reference

Pirah Noor Soomro, Mustafa Abduljabbar, Jeronimo Castrillon, Miquel Pericás, "An online guided tuning approach to run CNN pipelines on edge devices", Proceedings of the 18th ACM International Conference on Computing Frontiers (CF'21), Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), pp. 45–53, New York, NY, USA, May 2021. [doi]

Abstract

Modern edge and mobile devices are equipped with powerful computing resources. These are often organized as heterogeneous multi-cores, featuring performance-asymmetric core clusters. This raises the question on how to effectively execute the inference pass of convolutional neural networks (CNN) on such devices. Existing CNN implementations on edge devices leverage offline profiling data to determine a better schedule for CNN applications. This approach requires a time consuming phase of generating a performance profile for each type of representative kernel on various core configurations available on the device, coupled with a search space exploration. We propose an online tuning technique which utilizes compile time hints and online profiling data to generate high throughput CNN pipelines. We explore core heterogeneity and compatible core-layer configurations through an online guided search. Unlike exhaustive search, we adopt an evolutionary approach with a guided starting point in order to find the solution. We show that by pruning and navigating through the complex search space using compile time hints, 79% of the tested configurations turn out to be near-optimal candidates for a throughput maximizing pipeline on NVIDIA Jetson TX2 platform.

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Software Compilation and Optimization Techniques for Heterogeneous Multi-core Platforms

Reference

Weihua Sheng, Jeronimo Castrillon, Rainer Leupers, "Software Compilation and Optimization Techniques for Heterogeneous Multi-core Platforms", Chapter in Multi-Processor System-on-Chip 2 (Liliana Andrade and Frédéric Rousseau), ISTE Ltd London and Wiley Hoboke, pp. 203–235, Mar 2021.

Abstract

This chapter addresses the challenges associated with compilation and optimization techniques for heterogeneous multi-core computing systems in the embedded industry. Wireless terminals and modems are typical examples of such systems, which demand high performance and energy efficiency at the same time. To fully exploit the computing power of those systems, the existing compiler technology for single processor systems does not suit the need and scale for multi-core architectures anymore. The authors have applied a systematic approach to tackle the problems of application modeling, source-to-source compilation, flexible compiler infrastructure construction and software distribution for multi-core architectures from a practical perspective. Several real-world multi-core platforms as well as system-level virtual platforms have been successfully used to demonstrate the achievable speed-ups and versatility of the compilation and optimization techniques developed in this work.

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EVEREST: A design environment for extreme-scale big data analytics on heterogeneous platforms

Reference

Christian Pilato, Stanislav Bohm, Fabien Brocheton, Jeronimo Castrillon, Riccardo Cevasco, Vojtech Cima, Radim Cmar, Dionysios Diamantopoulos, Fabrizio Ferrandi, Jan Martinovic, Gianluca Palermo, Michele Paolino, Antonio Parodi, Lorenzo Pittaluga, Daniel Raho, Francesco Regazzoni, Katerina Slaninova, Christoph Hagleitner, "EVEREST: A design environment for extreme-scale big data analytics on heterogeneous platforms", Proceedings of the 2021 Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conference (DATE), Feb 2021.

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Mocasin—Rapid Prototyping of Rapid Prototyping Tools: A Framework for Exploring New Approaches in Mapping Software to Heterogeneous Multi-cores

Reference

Christian Menard, Andrés Goens, Gerald Hempel, Robert Khasanov, Julian Robledo, Felix Teweleitt, Jeronimo Castrillon, "Mocasin—Rapid Prototyping of Rapid Prototyping Tools: A Framework for Exploring New Approaches in Mapping Software to Heterogeneous Multi-cores", Proceedings of the 2021 Drone Systems Engineering and Rapid Simulation and Performance Evaluation: Methods and Tools, co-located with 16th International Conference on High-Performance and Embedded Architectures and Compilers (HiPEAC), Association for Computing Machinery, pp. 66–73, New York, NY, USA, Jan 2021. (Video Presentation) [doi]

Abstract

We present Mocasin, an open-source rapid prototyping framework for researching, implementing and validating new algorithms and solutions in the field of mapping software to heterogeneous multi-cores. In contrast to the many existing tools that often specialize for a particular use-case, Mocasin is an open, flexible and generic research environment that abstracts over the approaches taken by other tools. Mocasin is designed to support a wide range of models of computation and input formats, implements manifold mapping strategies and provides an adjustable high-level simulator for performance estimation. This infrastructure serves as a flexible vehicle for exploring new approaches and as a blueprint for building customized tools. We highlight the key design aspects of Mocasin that enable its flexibility and illustrate its capabilities in a case-study showing how Mocasin can be used for building a customized tool for researching runtime mapping strategies in an LTE uplink receiver.

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Towards Adaptive multi-Alternative Process Network

Reference

Hasna Bouraoui, Chadlia Jerad, Jeronimo Castrillon, "Towards Adaptive multi-Alternative Process Network", Proceedings of the 12th Workshop and 10th Workshop on Parallel Programming and RunTime Management Techniques for Manycore Architectures and Design Tools and Architectures for Multicore Embedded Computing Platforms (PARMA-DITAM'21), co-located with 16th International Conference on High-Performance and Embedded Architectures and Compilers (HiPEAC) (Bispo, João and Cherubin, Stefano and Flich, José), Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik, vol. 88, pp. 1:1–1:11, Dagstuhl, Germany, Jan 2021. [doi]

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Efficient Dispatch of Multi-Object Polymorphic Call Sites in Contextual Role-Oriented Programming Languages

Reference

Lars Schütze, Jeronimo Castrillon, "Efficient Dispatch of Multi-Object Polymorphic Call Sites in Contextual Role-Oriented Programming Languages", Proceedings of the17th International Conference on Managed Programming Languages & Runtimes (MPLR'20), Association for Computing Machinery, pp. 52–62, New York, NY, USA, Nov 2020. [doi]

Abstract

Adaptive software becomes more and more important as computing is increasingly context-dependent. Runtime adaptability can be achieved by dynamically selecting and applying context-specific code. Role-oriented programming has been proposed as a paradigm to enable runtime adaptive software by design. Roles change the objects’ behavior at runtime, thus adapting the software to a given context. The cost of adaptivity is however a high runtime overhead stemming from executing compositions of behavior-modifying code. It has been shown that the overhead can be reduced by optimizing dispatch plans at runtime for static cases, but no method exists to reduce the overhead in cases with high variability. This paper presents a novel approach to implement polymorphic role dispatch, taking advantage of dependent types and using run-time information to effectively guard abstractions and enable reuse. The concept of polymorphic inline caches is extended to role invocations. We evaluate the implementation with a benchmark for role-oriented programming languages achieving a geometric mean speedup of 4.0$\times$ (3.8$\times$ up to 4.5$\times$) in the static case, and close to no overhead in the dynamic case over the current implementation of contextual roles in Object Teams.

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Modem Design in the Era of 5G and Beyond: The Need for a Formal Approach

Reference

Robert Wittig, Andrés Goens, Christian Menard, Emil Matus, Gerhard P. Fettweis, Jeronimo Castrillon, "Modem Design in the Era of 5G and Beyond: The Need for a Formal Approach", Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Telecommunications (ICT), pp. 1-5, Oct 2020. [doi]

Abstract

In the era of 5G and beyond, adaptive workloads and the need for energy efficiency drive are becoming increasingly vital. Changes in parameters of the physical layer algorithm can cascade throughout the algorithm, requiring additional changes to keep a correct functionality within the timing bounds. These factors drive the process of designing systems for mobile communication towards reconfigurability. In this paper we analyze the trade-offs involved in changing algorithmic parameters and show how reconfigurable systems can be used to produce energy-efficient systems. We argue that we ought to resort to formal models to tame this reconfigurability and examine where existing formal models fall short.

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Polyhedral Compilation for Racetrack Memories

Reference

Asif Ali Khan, Hauke Mewes, Tobias Grosser, Torsten Hoefler, Jeronimo Castrillon, "Polyhedral Compilation for Racetrack Memories", In IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems (TCAD). Special issue on Compilers, Architecture, and Synthesis of Embedded Systems (CASES'20), IEEE Press, vol. 39, no. 11, pp. 3968-3980, Oct 2020. [doi]

Abstract

Traditional memory hierarchy designs, primarily based on SRAM and DRAM, become increasingly unsuitable to meet the performance, energy, bandwidth and area requirements of modern embedded and high-performance computer systems. Racetrack Memory (RTM), an emerging non-volatile memory technology, promises to meet these conflicting demands by offering simultaneously high speed, higher density, and non-volatility. RTM provides these efficiency gains by not providing immediate access to all storage locations, but by instead storing data sequentially in the equivalent to nanoscale tapes called tracks. Before any data can be accessed, explicit shift operations must be issued that cost energy and increase access latency. The result is a fundamental change in memory performance behavior: the address distance between subsequent memory accesses now has a linear effect on memory performance. While there are first techniques to optimize programs for linear-latency memories such as RTM, existing automatic solutions treat only scalar memory accesses. This work presents the first automatic compilation framework that optimizes static loop programs over arrays for linear-latency memories. We extend the polyhedral compilation framework Polly to generate code that maximizes accesses to the same or consecutive locations, thereby minimizing the number of shifts. Our experimental results show that the optimized code incurs up to 85% fewer shifts (average 41%), improving both performance and energy consumption by an average of 17.9% and 39.8%, respectively. Our results show that automatic techniques make it possible to effectively program linear-latency memory architectures such as RTM.

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Improving the Performance of Block-based DRAM Caches via Tag-Data Decoupling

Reference

Fazal Hameed, Asif Ali Khan, Jeronimo Castrillon, "Improving the Performance of Block-based DRAM Caches via Tag-Data Decoupling", In IEEE Transactions on Computers, Oct 2020. [doi]

Abstract

In-package DRAM-based Last-Level-Caches (LLCs) that cache data in small chunks (i.e., blocks) are promising for improving system performance due to their efficient main memory bandwidth utilization. However, in these high-capacity DRAM caches, managing metadata (i.e., tags) at low cost is challenging. Storing the tags in SRAM has the advantage of quick tag access but is impractical due to a large area overhead. Storing the tags in DRAM reduces the area overhead but incurs tag serialization latency for an associative LLC design, which is inevitable for achieving high cache hit rate. To address the area and latency overhead problem, we propose a block- based DRAM LLC design that decouples tag and data into two regions in DRAM. Our design stores the tags in a latency-optimized DRAM region as the tags are accessed more often than the data. In contrast, we optimize the data region for area efficiency and map spatially-adjacent cache blocks to the same DRAM row to exploit spatial locality. Our design mitigates the tag serialization latency of existing associative DRAM LLCs via selective in-DRAM tag comparison, which overlaps the latency of tag and data accesses. This efficiently enables LLC bypassing via a novel DRAM Absence Table (DAT) that not only provides fast LLC miss detection but also reduces in-package bandwidth requirements. Our evaluation using SPEC2006 benchmarks shows that our tag-data decoupled LLC improves system performance by 11.7% compared to a state-of-the-art direct-mapped LLC design and by 7.2% compared to an existing associative LLC design.

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The role of domain-specific languages for cyber-physical systems

Reference

Jeronimo Castrillon, "The role of domain-specific languages for cyber-physical systems", In Seminar series: Design and Programming Cyber-Physical Systems and IoT Applications (invited talk), Oct 2020.

Abstract

Embedded and cyber-physical systems (CPS) are heterogeneous interconnected computing systems with an ever increasing complexity. As CPSs become more widespread, the developer community widens, exposing the complexity to mainstream programmers. In this talk, I will talk about domain-specific languages (DSLs) as a promising avenue to handle complexity without compromising on efficiency. The talk will provide background on programming languages and go over sample DSLs from different communities. An in-depth example will serve to grasp the power that lies in DSLs for efficiency, correctness and ease to target complex emerging systems.

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Optimizing Tensor Contractions for Embedded Devices with Racetrack and DRAM Memories

Reference

Asif Ali Khan, Norman A. Rink, Fazal Hameed, Jeronimo Castrillon, "Optimizing Tensor Contractions for Embedded Devices with Racetrack and DRAM Memories", In ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems (TECS), Association for Computing Machinery, vol. 19, no. 6, New York, NY, USA, Sep 2020. [doi]

Abstract

Tensor contraction is a fundamental operation in many algorithms with a plethora of applications ranging from quantum chemistry over fluid dynamics and image processing to machine learning. The performance of tensor computations critically depends on the efficient utilization of on-chip/off-chip memories. In the context of low-power embedded devices, efficient management of the memory space becomes even more crucial, in order to meet energy constraints. This work aims at investigating strategies for performance- and energy-efficient tensor contractions on embedded systems, using racetrack memory (RTM)-based scratch-pad memory (SPM) and DRAM-based off-chip memory. Compiler optimizations such as the loop access order and data layout transformations paired with architectural optimizations such as prefetching and preshifting are employed to reduce the shifting overhead in RTMs. Optimizations for off-chip memory such as memory access order, data mapping and the choice of a suitable memory access granularity are employed to reduce the contention in the off-chip memory. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed optimizations improve the SPM performance and energy consumption by 32% and 73% respectively compared to an iso-capacity SRAM. The overall DRAM dynamic energy consumption improvements due to memory optimizations amount to 80%.

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ComPy-Learn: A Toolbox for Exploring Machine Learning Representations for Compilers

Reference

Alexander Brauckmann, Andrés Goens, Jeronimo Castrillon, "ComPy-Learn: A Toolbox for Exploring Machine Learning Representations for Compilers", In Proceeding: 2020 Forum for Specification and Design Languages (FDL), pp. 1-4, Sep 2020. [doi]

Abstract

Deep Learning methods have not only shown to improve software performance in compiler heuristics, but also e.g. to improve security in vulnerability prediction or to boost developer productivity in software engineering tools. A key to the success of such methods across these use cases is the expressiveness of the representation used to abstract from the program code. Recent work has shown that different such representations have unique advantages in terms of performance. However, determining the best-performing one for a given task is often not obvious and requires empirical evaluation. Therefore, we present ComPy-Learn, a toolbox for conveniently defining, extracting, and exploring representations of program code. With syntax-level language information from the Clang compiler frontend and low-level information from the LLVM compiler backend, the tool supports the construction of linear and graph representations and enables an efficient search for the best-performing representation and model for tasks on program code.

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A Language for Deterministic Coordination Across Multiple Timelines

Reference

Marten Lohstroh, Christian Menard, Alexander Schulz-Rosengarten, Matthew Weber, Jeronimo Castrillon, Edward A. Lee, "A Language for Deterministic Coordination Across Multiple Timelines", In Proceeding: 2020 Forum for Specification and Design Languages (FDL), pp. 1-8, Sep 2020. (Best paper award candidate) [doi]

Abstract

We discuss a novel approach for constructing deterministic reactive systems that evolves around a temporal model which incorporates a multiplicity of timelines. This model is central to LINGUA FRANCA (LF), a polyglot coordination language and compiler toolchain we are developing for the definition and composition of concurrent components called Reactors, which are objects that react to and emit discrete events. What sets LF apart from other languages that treat time as a first-class citizen is that it confronts the issue that in any reactive system there are at least two distinct timelines involved; a logical one and a physical one-and possibly multiple of each kind. LF provides a mechanism for relating events across timelines, and guarantees deterministic program behavior under quantifiable assumptions.

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The gem5 Simulator: Version 20.0+

Reference

Jason Lowe-Power, Abdul Mutaal Ahmad, Ayaz Akram, Mohammad Alian, Rico Amslinger, Matteo Andreozzi, Adrià Armejach, Nils Asmussen, Srikant Bharadwaj, Gabe Black, Gedare Bloom, Bobby R. Bruce, Daniel Rodrigues Carvalho, Jeronimo Castrillon, Lizhong Chen, Nicolas Derumigny, Stephan Diestelhorst, Wendy Elsasser, Marjan Fariborz, Amin Farmahini-Farahani, Pouya Fotouhi, Ryan Gambord, Jayneel Gandhi, Dibakar Gope, Thomas Grass, Bagus Hanindhito, Andreas Hansson, Swapnil Haria, Austin Harris, Timothy Hayes, Adrian Herrera, Matthew Horsnell, Syed Ali Raza Jafri, Radhika Jagtap, Hanhwi Jang, Reiley Jeyapaul, Timothy M. Jones, Matthias Jung, Subash Kannoth, Hamidreza Khaleghzadeh, Yuetsu Kodama, Tushar Krishna, Tommaso Marinelli, Christian Menard, Andrea Mondelli, Tiago Mück, Omar Naji, Krishnendra Nathella, Hoa Nguyen, Nikos Nikoleris, Lena E. Olson, Marc Orr, Binh Pham, Pablo Prieto, Trivikram Reddy, Alec Roelke, Mahyar Samani, Andreas Sandberg, Javier Setoain, Boris and Sinclair Shingarov, Tuan Ta, Rahul Thakur, Giacomo Travaglini, Michael Upton, Nilay Vaish, Ilias Vougioukas, Zhengrong Wang, Norbert Wehn, Christian and Wood Weis, Hongil Yoon, Éder F. Zulian, "The gem5 Simulator: Version 20.0+", In arXiv preprint arXiv:2007.03152, Jul 2020.

Abstract

The open-source and community-supported gem5 simulator is one of the most popular tools for computer architecture research. This simulation infrastructure allows researchers to model modern computer hardware at the cycle level, and it has enough fidelity to boot unmodified Linux-based operating systems and run full applications for multiple architectures including x86, Arm, and RISC-V. The gem5 simulator has been under active development over the last nine years since the original gem5 release. In this time, there have been over 7500 commits to the codebase from over 250 unique contributors which have improved the simulator by adding new features, fixing bugs, and increasing the code quality. In this paper, we give and overview of gem5's usage and features, describe the current state of the gem5 simulator, and enumerate the major changes since the initial release of gem5. We also discuss how the gem5 simulator has transitioned to a formal governance model to enable continued improvement and community support for the next 20 years of computer architecture research.

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Achieving Determinism in Adaptive AUTOSAR

Reference

Christian Menard, Andrés Goens, Marten Lohstroh, Jeronimo Castrillon, "Achieving Determinism in Adaptive AUTOSAR", Proceedings of the 2020 Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conference (DATE), IEEE, pp. 822–827, Mar 2020. (Best paper award candidate A-Track, Video Presentation) [doi]

Abstract

AUTOSAR AP is an emerging industry standard that tackles the challenges of modern automotive software design, but does not provide adequate mechanisms to enforce deterministic execution. This poses profound challenges to testing and maintenance of the application software, which is particularly problematic for safety-critical applications. In this paper, we analyze the problem of nondeterminism in AP and propose a framework for the design of deterministic automotive software that transparently integrates with the AP communication mechanisms. We illustrate our approach in a case study based on the brake assistant demonstrator application that is provided by the AUTOSAR consortium. We show that the original implementation is nondeterministic and discuss a deterministic solution based on our framework.

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Energy-efficient Runtime Resource Management for Adaptable Multi-application Mapping

Reference

Robert Khasanov, Jeronimo Castrillon, "Energy-efficient Runtime Resource Management for Adaptable Multi-application Mapping", Proceedings of the 2020 Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conference (DATE), IEEE, pp. 909–914, Mar 2020. (Best paper award candidate E-Track, Video Presentation) [doi]

Abstract

Modern embedded computing platforms consist of a high amount of heterogeneous resources, which allows executing multiple applications on a single device. The number of running application on the system varies with time and so does the amount of available resources. This has considerably increased the complexity of analysis and optimization algorithms for runtime mapping of firm real-time applications. To reduce the runtime overhead, researchers have proposed to pre-compute partial mappings at compile time and have the runtime efficiently compute the final mapping. However, most existing solutions only compute a fixed mapping for a given set of running applications, and the mapping is defined for the entire duration of the workload execution. In this work we allow applications to adapt to the amount of available resources by using mapping segments. This way, applications may switch between different configurations with varied degree of parallelism. We present a runtime manager for firm real-time applications that generates such mapping segments based on partial solutions and aims at minimizing the overall energy consumption without deadline violations. The proposed algorithm outperforms the state-of-the-art approaches on the overall energy consumption by up to 13% while incurring an order of magnitude less scheduling overhead.

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Generalized Data Placement Strategies for Racetrack Memories

Reference

Asif Ali Khan, Andrés Goens, Fazal Hameed, Jeronimo Castrillon, "Generalized Data Placement Strategies for Racetrack Memories", Proceedings of the 2020 Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conference (DATE), IEEE, pp. 1502–1507, Mar 2020. (Video Presentation) [doi]

Abstract

Ultra-dense non-volatile racetrack memories (RTMs) have been investigated at various levels in the memory hierarchy for improved performance and reduced energy consumption. However, the innate shift operations in RTMs hinder their applicability to replace low-latency on-chip memories. Recent research has demonstrated that intelligent placement of memory objects in RTMs can significantly reduce the amount of shifts with no hardware overhead, albeit for specific system setups. However, existing placement strategies may lead to sub-optimal performance when applied to different architectures. In this paper we look at generalized data placement mechanisms that improve upon existing ones by taking into account the underlying memory architecture and the timing and liveliness information of memory objects. We propose a novel heuristic and a formulation using genetic algorithms that optimize key performance parameters. We show that, on average, our generalized approach improves the number of shifts, performance and energy consumption by 4.3x, 46% and 55% respectively compared to the state-of-the-art.

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Magnetic Racetrack Memory: From Physics to the Cusp of Applications within a Decade

Reference

Robin Bläsing, Asif Ali Khan, Panagiotis Ch. Filippou, Chirag Garg, Fazal Hameed, Jeronimo Castrillon, Stuart S. P. Parkin, "Magnetic Racetrack Memory: From Physics to the Cusp of Applications within a Decade", In Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 108, no. 8, pp. 1303-1321, Mar 2020. [doi]

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Reactors: A Deterministic Model for Composable Reactive Systems

Reference

Marten Lohstroh, Íñigo Íncer Romero, Andrés Goens, Patricia Derler, Jeronimo Castrillon, Edward A. Lee, Alberto Sangiovanni-Vincentelli, "Reactors: A Deterministic Model for Composable Reactive Systems", Cyber Physical Systems. Model-Based Design – Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Design, Modeling and Evaluation of Cyber Physical Systems (CyPhy 2019) and the Workshop on Embedded and Cyber-Physical Systems Education (WESE 2019) (Chamberlain, Roger and Edin Grimheden, Martin and Taha, Walid), Springer International Publishing, pp. 59–85, Cham, Feb 2020. [doi]

Abstract

This paper describes a component-based concurrent model of computation for reactive systems. The components in this model, featuring ports and hierarchy, are called reactors. The model leverages a semantic notion of time, an event scheduler, and a synchronous-reactive style of communication to achieve determinism. Reactors enable a programming model that ensures determinism, unless explicitly abandoned by the programmer. We show how the coordination of reactors can safely and transparently exploit parallelism, both in shared-memory and distributed systems.

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Compiler-Based Graph Representations for Deep Learning Models of Code

Reference

Alexander Brauckmann, Andrés Goens, Sebastian Ertel, Jeronimo Castrillon, "Compiler-Based Graph Representations for Deep Learning Models of Code", Proceedings of the 29th ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Compiler Construction (CC 2020), Association for Computing Machinery, pp. 201–211, New York, NY, USA, Feb 2020. [doi]

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ShiftsReduce: Minimizing Shifts in Racetrack Memory 4.0

Reference

Asif Ali Khan, Fazal Hameed, Robin Bläsing, Stuart S. P. Parkin, Jeronimo Castrillon, "ShiftsReduce: Minimizing Shifts in Racetrack Memory 4.0", In ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization (TACO), ACM, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 56:1–56:23, New York, NY, USA, Dec 2019. [doi]

Abstract

Racetrack memories (RMs) have significantly evolved since their conception in 2008, making them a serious contender in the field of emerging memory technologies. Despite key technological advancements, the access latency and energy consumption of an RM-based system are still highly influenced by the number of shift operations. These operations are required to move bits to the right positions in the racetracks. This paper presents data placement techniques for RMs that maximize the likelihood that consecutive references access nearby memory locations at runtime thereby minimizing the number of shifts. We present an integer linear programming (ILP) formulation for optimal data placement in RMs, and revisit existing offset assignment heuristics, originally proposed for random-access memories. We introduce a novel heuristic tailored to a realistic RM and combine it with a genetic search to further improve the solution. We show a reduction in the number of shifts of up to 52.5%, outperforming the state of the art by up to 16.1%.

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A Novel Hybrid DRAM/STT-RAM Last-Level-Cache Architecture for Performance, Energy and Endurance Enhancement

Reference

Fazal Hameed, Jeronimo Castrillon, "A Novel Hybrid DRAM/STT-RAM Last-Level-Cache Architecture for Performance, Energy and Endurance Enhancement", In IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration Systems (TVLSI), vol. 27, no. 10, pp. 2375-2386, Oct 2019. [doi]

Abstract

High capacity L4 architectures as Last-Level-Cache (LLC) have been recently introduced between L3-SRAM and off-chip memory. These LLC architectures have either employed DRAM or Spin-Transfer-Torque (STT-RAM) memory technologies. It is a known fact that DRAM LLCs feature a higher energy consumption while STT-RAM LLCs feature a lower write endurance compared to their counterparts. This paper proposes an efficient hybrid DRAM/STT-RAM LLC architecture that exploits the best characteristics offered by the individual memory technologies while mitigating their drawbacks. More precisely, we introduce a novel mechanism for the storage and management of the hybrid LLC tags, and a proactive L3-SRAM writeback policy that combines multiple dirty blocks that are mapped to the same LLC row. Our hybrid architecture reduces LLC interference by having less writeback accesses and row fetches. The endurance is improved by reducing the number of STT-RAM block writes. We show that our LLC architecture reduces the total number of STT-RAM block writes by 78% and improves the average performance by 13% compared to a recently proposed STT- RAM LLC. Compared to the state-of-the-art DRAM LLC, we report an average energy and performance improvement of 24% and 17.1% respectively.

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Efficient Late Binding of Dynamic Function Compositions

Reference

Lars Schütze, Jeronimo Castrillon, "Efficient Late Binding of Dynamic Function Compositions", Proceedings of the 12th ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Software Language Engineering, ACM, pp. 141–151, New York, NY, USA, Oct 2019. [doi]

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RecordFlux: Formal Message Specification and Generation of Verifiable Binary Parsers

Reference

Tobias Reiher, Alexander Senier, Jeronimo Castrillon, Thorsten Strufe, "RecordFlux: Formal Message Specification and Generation of Verifiable Binary Parsers", In Proceeding: International Conference on Formal Aspects of Component Software (Arbab, Farhad and Jongmans, Sung-Shik), Springer International Publishing, pp. 170–190, Cham, Oct 2019. [doi]

Abstract

Various vulnerabilities have been found in message parsers of protocol implementations in the past. Even highly sensitive software components like TLS libraries are affected regularly. Resulting issues range from denial-of-service attacks to the extraction of sensitive information. The complexity of protocols and imprecise specifications in natural language are the core reasons for subtle bugs in implementations, which are hard to find. The lack of precise specifications impedes formal verification.

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Embedded manycore programming: From auto-parallelization to domain specific languages

Reference

Jeronimo Castrillon, "Embedded manycore programming: From auto-parallelization to domain specific languages", In IEEE 13th International Symposium on Embedded Multicore/Many-core Systems-on-Chip (MCSoC-2019) (keynote), Oct 2019.

Abstract

Programming manycores remains a daunting task, especially in the presence of the heterogeneity and application constraints typical in the embedded domain. This talk reviews efforts to cope with this complexity from the last 10+ years of research. It starts with the challenges faced by auto-parallelizing compilers, discussing how far they have made it since the start of the multi-core era. The talk also reviews explicit parallel programming and associated programming methodologies, with focus on recent advances that aim at increasing the adaptivity and robustness of dataflow applications. The talk then advocates for even higher-level programming abstractions in the form of domain specific languages, particularly important to deal with the increased complexity brought by emerging computing paradigms.

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Dataflow and higher level abstractions for parallel programming

Reference

Jeronimo Castrillon, "Dataflow and higher level abstractions for parallel programming", In CPS Summer School 2019: Designing Cyber-Physical Systems - From concepts to implementation (keynote), Sep 2019.

Abstract

Computing systems continue to increase in complexity, today including multiple cores, complex memory hierarchies and domain-specific accelerators, and soon with components built with emerging hardware technologies. This complexity calls for advances in a variety of domains, like programming and modeling languages, models of hardware, system simulators, design exploration methodologies and hardware architectures. From the standpoint of programming languages and compilers, this lecture discusses the challenges in mainstream sequential programming to motivate higher-level abstractions. It then provides an introduction to dataflow programming methodologies as a promising solution for embedded applications. We will review the fundamentals of dataflow models of computation, basic programming methodologies and look at current research to account for the adaptivity that new applications require, especially in the context of cyber physical systems. The lecture closes with an outlook on higher level programming abstractions and challenges posed by emerging computing architectures.

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STCLang: State Thread Composition as a Foundation for Monadic Dataflow Parallelism

Reference

Sebastian Ertel, Justus Adam, Norman A. Rink, Andrés Goens, Jeronimo Castrillon, "STCLang: State Thread Composition as a Foundation for Monadic Dataflow Parallelism", Proceedings of the 12th ACM SIGPLAN International Symposium on Haskell, ACM, pp. 146–161, New York, NY, USA, Aug 2019. [doi]

Abstract

Dataflow execution models are used to build highly scalable parallel systems. A programming model that targets parallel dataflow execution must answer the following question: How can parallelism between two dependent nodes in a dataflow graph be exploited? This is difficult when the dataflow language or programming model is implemented by a monad, as is common in the functional community, since expressing dependence between nodes by a monadic bind suggests sequential execution.
Even in monadic constructs that explicitly separate state from computation, problems arise due to the need to reason about opaquely defined state. Specifically, when abstractions of the chosen programming model do not enable adequate reasoning about state, it is difficult to detect parallelism between composed stateful computations.
In this paper, we propose a programming model that enables the composition of stateful computations and still exposes opportunities for parallelization. We also introduce smap, a higher-order function that can exploit parallelism in stateful computations. We present an implementation of our programming model and smap in Haskell and show that basic concepts from functional reactive programming can be built on top of our programming model with little effort. We compare these implementations to a state-of-the-art approach using monad-par and LVars to expose parallelism explicitly and reach the same level of performance, showing that our programming model successfully extracts parallelism that is present in an algorithm. Further evaluation shows that smap is expressive enough to implement parallel reductions and our programming model resolves short-comings of the stream-based programming model for current state-of-the-art big data processing systems.

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SHRIMP: Efficient Instruction Delivery with Domain Wall Memory

Reference

Joonas Multanen, Asif Ali Khan, Pekka Jääskeläinen, Fazal Hameed, Jeronimo Castrillon, "SHRIMP: Efficient Instruction Delivery with Domain Wall Memory", Proceedings of the International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design, ACM, pp. 6pp, New York, NY, USA, Jul 2019. [doi]

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On Compact Mappings for Multicore Systems

Reference

Andrés Goens, Christian Menard, Jeronimo Castrillon, "On Compact Mappings for Multicore Systems", Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Embedded Computer Systems Architectures Modeling and Simulation (SAMOS) (D. Pnevmatikatos and M. Pelcat and M. Jung), Springer, Cham, vol. 11733, pp. 325–335, Jul 2019. [doi]

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Optimizing Tensor Contractions for Embedded Devices with Racetrack Memory Scratch-Pads

Reference

Asif Ali Khan, Norman A. Rink, Fazal Hameed, Jeronimo Castrillon, "Optimizing Tensor Contractions for Embedded Devices with Racetrack Memory Scratch-Pads", Proceedings of the 20th ACM SIGPLAN/SIGBED International Conference on Languages, Compilers, Tools and Theory of Embedded Systems (LCTES), ACM, pp. 5–18, New York, NY, USA, Jun 2019. [doi]

Abstract

Tensor contraction is a fundamental operation in many algorithms with a plethora of applications ranging from quantum chemistry over fluid dynamics and image processing to machine learning. The performance of tensor computations critically depends on the efficient utilization of on-chip memories. In the context of low-power embedded devices, efficient management of the memory space becomes even more crucial, in order to meet energy constraints. This work aims at investigating strategies for performance- and energy-efficient tensor contractions on embedded systems, using racetrack memory (RTM)-based scratch-pad memory (SPM). Compiler optimizations such as the loop access order and data layout transformations paired with architectural optimizations such as prefetching and preshifting are employed to reduce the shifting overhead in RTMs. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed optimizations improve the SPM performance and energy consumption by 24% and 74% respectively compared to an iso-capacity SRAM.

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TeIL: a type-safe imperative Tensor Intermediate Language

Reference

Norman A. Rink, Jeronimo Castrillon, "TeIL: a type-safe imperative Tensor Intermediate Language", Proceedings of the 6th ACM SIGPLAN International Workshop on Libraries, Languages, and Compilers for Array Programming (ARRAY), ACM, pp. 57–68, New York, NY, USA, Jun 2019. [doi]

Abstract

Each of the popular tensor frameworks from the machine learning domain comes with its own language for expressing tensor kernels. Since these tensor languages lack precise specifications, it is impossible to understand and reason about tensor kernels that exhibit unexpected behaviour. In this paper, we give examples of such kernels.
The tensor languages are superficially similar to the well-known functional array languages, for which formal definitions often exist. However, the tensor languages are inherently imperative. In this paper we present TeIL, an imperative tensor intermediate language with precise formal semantics. For the popular tensor languages, TeIL can serve as a common ground on the basis of which precise reasoning about kernels becomes possible. Based on TeIL's formal semantics we develop a type-safety result in the Coq proof assistant.

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A Case Study on Machine Learning for Synthesizing Benchmarks

Reference

Andrés Goens, Alexander Brauckmann, Sebastian Ertel, Chris Cummins, Hugh Leather, Jeronimo Castrillon, "A Case Study on Machine Learning for Synthesizing Benchmarks", Proceedings of the 3rd ACM SIGPLAN International Workshop on Machine Learning and Programming Languages (MAPL), ACM, pp. 38–46, New York, NY, USA, Jun 2019. [doi]

Abstract

Good benchmarks are hard to find because they require a substantial effort to keep them representative for the constantly changing challenges of a particular field. Synthetic benchmarks are a common approach to deal with this, and methods from machine learning are natural candidates for synthetic benchmark generation. In this paper we investigate the usefulness of machine learning in the prominent CLgen benchmark generator. We re-evaluate CLgen by comparing the benchmarks generated by the model with the raw data used to train it. This re-evaluation indicates that, for the use case considered, machine learning did not yield additional benefit over a simpler method using the raw data. We investigate the reasons for this and provide further insights into the challenges the problem could pose for potential future generators.

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SoC programming in the era of the Internet of Things, machine learning and emerging technologies

Reference

Jeronimo Castrillon, "SoC programming in the era of the Internet of Things, machine learning and emerging technologies", In Groupement De Recherche SOC2: System On Chip, Systèmes embarqués et Objets Connecté (keynote), Jun 2019.

Abstract

The design of a system on chip has traditionally been one of the most complex tasks in computing
systems. Designers have to deal with stringent application constraints under a low-power budget while
reducing non-recurring engineering costs. Modeling languages, costs models of hardware, system
simulators, design exploration methodologies and alike have made it possible to cope with this high
complexity. Today, three recent trends represent a non trivial complexity increase and thus a challenge
for SoC designers and programmers, namely, 1) additional system dynamics in the context of the
Internet of Things, 2) the ubiquity of machine learning workloads, and 3) the added complexity brought
by specialization and emerging technologies. This talk discusses how models and higher level
programming abstractions can be leveraged to cope with these trends. A dataflow programming
methodology is extended to account for dynamic execution scenarios at runtime. A tensor abstraction,
common in machine learning, is introduced that eases programming and design tasks. Finally, the
talk shows how the tensor abstraction is useful to efficiently map tensor computations to SoCs with
non-volatile racetrack scratch-pad memory.

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Category-Theoretic Foundations of ``STCLang: State Thread Composition as a Foundation for Monadic Dataflow Parallelism''

Reference

Sebastian Ertel, Justus Adam, Norman A. Rink, Andrés Goens, Jeronimo Castrillon, "Category-Theoretic Foundations of ``STCLang: State Thread Composition as a Foundation for Monadic Dataflow Parallelism''", In CoRR, vol. abs/1906.12098, Jun 2019.

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Programming abstractions: When domain-specific goes mainstream

Reference

Jeronimo Castrillon, "Programming abstractions: When domain-specific goes mainstream", In 28th Workshop of the Gesellschaft für Informatik, interest group Parallele Algorithmen, Rechenstrukturen und Systemsoftware (PARS'19) (invited talk), Mar 2019.

Abstract

We have seen several inflection points in computing in this century: from single to multi-core,
from homogeneous to heterogeneous, and in the near future to fundamentally new computing
paradigms with emerging technologies. With domain-specific hardware becoming mainstream,
and programming reaching out to professions outside computer science, higher-level
programming abstractions, domain-specific languages (DSLs) and tools are badly needed. This
talk provides examples of such programming abstractions as a basis for discussion. It first
discusses how dataflow programming models from the embedded domain can be leveraged in
more general purpose setups. It then presents DSLs for particle-based simulations and for tensor
expressions. The latter is one example of multiple tensor DSLs available today, spawned
by the recent machine learning boom. The talk closes with examples of emerging technologies
and a brief discussion about how they may impact our current assumptions.

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Architecture and Advanced Electronics Pathways Toward Highly Adaptive Energy-Efficient Computing

Reference

Gerhard Fettweis, Meik Dörpinghaus, Jeronimo Castrillon, Akash Kumar, Christel Baier, Karlheinz Bock, Frank Ellinger, Andreas Fery, Frank H. P. Fitzek, Hermann Härtig, Kambiz Jamshidi, Thomas Kissinger, Wolfgang Lehner, Michael Mertig, Wolfgang E. Nagel, Giang T. Nguyen, Dirk Plettemeier, Michael Schröter, Thorsten Strufe, "Architecture and Advanced Electronics Pathways Toward Highly Adaptive Energy-Efficient Computing", In Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 107, no. 1, pp. 204–231, Jan 2019. [doi]

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Comparing Dataflow and OpenMP Programming for Speaker Recognition Applications

Reference

Hasna Bouraoui, Jeronimo Castrillon, Chadlia Jerad, "Comparing Dataflow and OpenMP Programming for Speaker Recognition Applications", Proceedings of the 10th Workshop and 8th Workshop on Parallel Programming and RunTime Management Techniques for Manycore Architectures and Design Tools and Architectures for Multicore Embedded Computing Platforms (PARMA-DITAM'19), co-located with 14th International Conference on High-Performance and Embedded Architectures and Compilers (HiPEAC), ACM, pp. 4:1–4:6, New York, NY, USA, Jan 2019. [doi]

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RTSim: A Cycle-accurate Simulator for Racetrack Memories

Reference

Asif Ali Khan, Fazal Hameed, Robin Bläsing, Stuart Parkin, Jeronimo Castrillon, "RTSim: A Cycle-accurate Simulator for Racetrack Memories", In IEEE Computer Architecture Letters, IEEE, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 43–46, Jan 2019. [doi]

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Meta-programming for Cross-Domain Tensor Optimizations

Reference

Adilla Susungi, Norman A. Rink, Albert Cohen, Jeronimo Castrillon, Claude Tadonki, "Meta-programming for Cross-Domain Tensor Optimizations", Proceedings of 17th ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Generative Programming: Concepts and Experiences (GPCE'18), ACM, pp. 79–92, New York, NY, USA, Nov 2018. [doi]

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Parallel programming methodologies for manycores

Reference

Jeronimo Castrillon, "Parallel programming methodologies for manycores", In NeXtream Solution Seminar & Silexica Technology Workshop (invited talk), Oct 2018.

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Software Compilation Techniques for Heterogeneous Embedded Multi-Core Systems

Reference

Rainer Leupers, Miguel A. Aguilar, Jeronimo Castrillon, Weihua Sheng, "Software Compilation Techniques for Heterogeneous Embedded Multi-Core Systems", Chapter in Handbook of Signal Processing Systems (3rd Edition) (Bhattacharyya, Shuvra S. and Deprettere, Ed F. and Leupers, Rainer and Takala, Jarmo), Springer New York, pp. 1021–1062, Sep 2018. [doi]

Abstract

The increasing demands of modern embedded systems, such as high-performance and energy-efficiency, have motivated the use of heterogeneous multi-core platforms enabled by Multiprocessor System-on-Chips (MPSoCs). To fully exploit the power of these platforms, new tools are needed to address the increasing software complexity to achieve a high productivity. An MPSoC compiler is a tool-chain to tackle the problems of application modeling, platform description, software parallelization, software distribution and code generation for an efficient usage of the target platform. This chapter discusses various aspects of compilers for heterogeneous embedded multi-core systems, using the well-established single-core C compiler technology as a baseline for comparison. After a brief introduction to the MPSoC compiler technology, the important ingredients of the compilation process are explained in detail. Finally, a number of case studies from academia and industry are presented to illustrate the concepts discussed in this chapter.

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On the Representation of Mappings to Multicores

Reference

Andrés Goens, Christian Menard, Jeronimo Castrillon, "On the Representation of Mappings to Multicores", Proceedings of the IEEE 12th International Symposium on Embedded Multicore/Many-core Systems-on-Chip (MCSoC-18), pp. 184–191, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam, Sep 2018. [doi]

Abstract

Application requirements for embedded systems are growing rapidly, as is the complexity of systems designed to execute them. A common abstraction used to tame this growing complexity is that of a mapping, which assigns parts of an application to different hardware resources. Modern flows need to explore an intractably large design space of mappings, and be able to quickly find near-optimal mappings for different objectives, sometimes at runtime. With systems featuring thousands of cores in the near horizon, we need methods to make this exploration step truly scalable. In this paper we argue that the mathematical representation of a mapping is central to achieve this. We present different representations and how these could be applied to different contexts and objectives, like complex design- space exploration meta-heuristics or efficient runtime systems.

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A Hardware/Software Stack for Heterogeneous Systems

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Jeronimo Castrillon, Matthias Lieber, Sascha Klüppelholz, Marcus Völp, Nils Asmussen, Uwe Assmann, Franz Baader, Christel Baier, Gerhard Fettweis, Jochen Fröhlich, Andrés Goens, Sebastian Haas, Dirk Habich, Hermann Härtig, Mattis Hasler, Immo Huismann, Tomas Karnagel, Sven Karol, Akash Kumar, Wolfgang Lehner, Linda Leuschner, Siqi Ling, Steffen Märcker, Christian Menard, Johannes Mey, Wolfgang Nagel, Benedikt Nöthen, Rafael Peñaloza, Michael Raitza, Jörg Stiller, Annett Ungethüm, Axel Voigt, Sascha Wunderlich, "A Hardware/Software Stack for Heterogeneous Systems", In IEEE Transactions on Multi-Scale Computing Systems, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 243-259, Jul 2018. [doi]

Abstract

Plenty of novel emerging technologies are being proposed and evaluated today, mostly at the device and circuit levels. It is unclear what the impact of different new technologies at the system level will be. What is clear, however, is that new technologies will make their way into systems and will increase the already high complexity of heterogeneous parallel computing platforms, making it ever so difficult to program them. This paper discusses a programming stack for heterogeneous systems that combines and adapts well-understood principles from different areas, including capability-based operating systems, adaptive application runtimes, dataflow programming models, and model checking. We argue why we think that these principles built into the stack and the interfaces among the layers will also be applicable to future systems that integrate heterogeneous technologies. The programming stack is evaluated on a tiled heterogeneous multicore.

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Performance and Energy Efficient Design of STT-RAM Last-Level-Cache

Reference

Fazal Hameed, Asif Ali Khan, Jeronimo Castrillon, "Performance and Energy Efficient Design of STT-RAM Last-Level-Cache", In IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration Systems (TVLSI), vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 1059–1072, Jun 2018. [doi]

Abstract

Recent research has proposed having a die-stacked last-level cache (LLC) to overcome the memory wall. Lately, spin-transfer-torque random access memory (STT-RAM) caches have received attention, since they provide improved energy efficiency compared with DRAM caches. However, recently proposed STT-RAM cache architectures unnecessarily dissipate energy by fetching unneeded cache lines (CLs) into the row buffer (RB). In this paper, we propose a selective read policy for the STT-RAM which fetches those CLs into the RB that are likely to be reused. In addition, we propose a tags-update policy that reduces the number of STT-RAM writebacks. This reduces the number of reads/writes and thereby decreases the energy consumption. To reduce the latency penalty of our selective read policy, we propose the following performance optimizations: 1) an RB tags-bypass policy that reduces STT-RAM access latency; 2) an LLC data cache that stores the CLs that are likely to be used in the near future; 3) an address organization scheme that simultaneously reduces LLC access latency and miss rate; and 4) a tags-to-column mapping policy that improves access parallelism. For evaluation, we implement our proposed architecture in the Zesto simulator and run different combinations of SPEC2006 benchmarks on an eight-core system. We compare our approach with a recently proposed STT-RAM LLC with subarray parallelism support and show that our synergistic policies reduce the average LLC dynamic energy consumption by 75% and improve the system performance by 6.5%. Compared with the state-of-the-art DRAM LLC with subarray parallelism, our architecture reduces the LLC dynamic energy consumption by 82% and improves system performance by 6.8%.

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Heterogeneous Post-CMOS Technologies Meet Software

Reference

Jeronimo Castrillon, "Heterogeneous Post-CMOS Technologies Meet Software", In Post Moore Interconnects Workshop, ISC High Performance 2018 (invited talk), Jun 2018.

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Parallel programming: Current and future systems

Reference

Jeronimo Castrillon, "Parallel programming: Current and future systems", In 50-year Celebration: Department of Electronics, Universidad de Antioquia, in the context of the IEEE Colombian Conference on Communications and Computing (COLCOM'18) (invited talk), May 2018.

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A Domain-Specific Language and Editor for Parallel Particle Methods

Reference

Sven Karol, Tobias Nett, Jeronimo Castrillon, Ivo F. Sbalzarini, "A Domain-Specific Language and Editor for Parallel Particle Methods", In ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS), ACM, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 32, New York, NY, USA, Mar 2018. [doi]

Abstract

Domain-specific languages (DSLs) are of increasing importance in scientific high-performance computing to reduce development costs, raise the level of abstraction and, thus, ease scientific programming. However, designing DSLs is not easy, as it requires knowledge of the application domain and experience in language engineering and compilers. Consequently, many DSLs follow a weak approach using macros or text generators, which lack many of the features that make a DSL comfortable for programmers. Some of these features –e.g., syntax highlighting, type inference, error reporting– are easily provided by language workbenches, which combine language engineering techniques and tools in a common ecosystem. In this paper, we present the Parallel Particle-Mesh Environment (PPME), a DSL and development environment for numerical simulations based on particle methods and hybrid particle-mesh methods. PPME uses the Meta Programming System (MPS), a projectional language workbench. PPME is the successor of the Parallel Particle-Mesh Language, a Fortran-based DSL that uses conventional implementation strategies. We analyze and compare both languages and demonstrate how the programmer’s experience is improved using static analyses and projectional editing, i.e., code-structure editing, constrained by syntax, as opposed to free-text editing. We present an explicit domain model for particle abstractions and the first formal type system for partircle methods.

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STT-RAM Aware Last-Level-Cache Policies for Simultaneous Energy and Performance Improvement

Reference

Fazal Hameed, Jeronimo Castrillon, "STT-RAM Aware Last-Level-Cache Policies for Simultaneous Energy and Performance Improvement", Proceedings of the 9th Annual Non-Volatile Memories Workshop (NVMW 2018), Mar 2018.

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Compiling for Concise Code and Efficient I/O

Reference

Sebastian Ertel, Andrés Goens, Justus Adam, Jeronimo Castrillon, "Compiling for Concise Code and Efficient I/O", Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Compiler Construction (CC 2018), ACM, pp. 104–115, New York, NY, USA, Feb 2018. [doi]

Abstract

Large infrastructures of Internet companies, such as Facebook and Twitter, are composed of several layers of micro-services. While this modularity provides scalability to the system, the I/O associated with each service request strongly impacts its performance. In this context, writing concise programs which execute I/O efficiently is especially challenging. In this paper, we introduce Ÿauhau, a novel compile-time solution. Ÿauhau reduces the number of I/O calls through rewrites on a simple expression language. To execute I/O concurrently, it lowers the expression language to a dataflow representation. Our approach can be used alongside an existing programming language, permitting the use of legacy code. We describe an implementation in the JVM and use it to evaluate our approach. Experiments show that Ÿauhau can significantly improve I/O, both in terms of the number of I/O calls and concurrent execution. Ÿauhau outperforms state-of-the-art approaches with similar goals.

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Supporting Fine-grained Dataflow Parallelism in Big Data Systems

Reference

Sebastian Ertel, Justus Adam, Jeronimo Castrillon, "Supporting Fine-grained Dataflow Parallelism in Big Data Systems", Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Programming Models and Applications for Multicores and Manycores (PMAM), ACM, pp. 41–50, New York, NY, USA, Feb 2018. [doi]

Abstract

Big data systems scale with the number of cores in a cluster for the parts of an application that can be executed in data parallel fashion. It has been recently reported, however, that these systems fail to translate hardware improvements, such as increased network bandwidth, into a higher throughput. This is particularly the case for applications that have inherent sequential, computationally intensive phases. In this paper, we analyze the data processing cores of state-of-the-art big data systems to find the cause for these scalability problems. We identify design patterns in the code that are suitable for pipeline and task-level parallelism, potentially increasing application performance. As a proof of concept, we rewrite parts of the Hadoop MapReduce framework in an implicit parallel language that exploits this parallelism without adding code complexity. Our experiments on a data analytics workload show throughput speedups of up to 3.5x.

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CFDlang: High-level Code Generation for High-order Methods in Fluid Dynamics

Reference

Norman A. Rink, Immo Huismann, Adilla Susungi, Jeronimo Castrillon, Jörg Stiller, Jochen Fröhlich, Claude Tadonki, "CFDlang: High-level Code Generation for High-order Methods in Fluid Dynamics", Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Real World Domain Specific Languages (RWDSL 2018), ACM, pp. 5:1–5:10, New York, NY, USA, Feb 2018. [doi]

Abstract

Numerical simulations continue to enable fast and enormous progress in science and engineering. Writing efficient numerical codes is a difficult challenge that encompasses a variety of tasks from designing the right algorithms to exploiting the full potential of a platform's architecture. Domain-specific languages (DSLs) can ease these tasks by offering the right abstractions for expressing numerical problems. With the aid of domain knowledge, efficient code can then be generated automatically from abstract expressions. In this work, we present the CFDlang DSL for expressing tensor operations that constitute the performance-critical code sections in a class of real numerical applications from fluid dynamics. We demonstrate that CFDlang can be used to generate code automatically that performs as well, if not better, than carefully hand-optimized code.

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Extremely Heterogeneous Systems – Not Just For Niches

Reference

Hermann Härtig, Nils Asmussen, Jeronimo Castrillon, Adam Lackorzynski, Michael Roitzsch, Carsten Weinhold, Akash Kumar, "Extremely Heterogeneous Systems – Not Just For Niches", In Proceeding: Extreme Heterogeneity Workshop, Feb 2018.

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Implicit Data-Parallelism in Kahn Process Networks: Bridging the MacQueen Gap

Reference

Robert Khasanov, Andrés Goens, Jeronimo Castrillon, "Implicit Data-Parallelism in Kahn Process Networks: Bridging the MacQueen Gap", Proceedings of the 9th Workshop and 7th Workshop on Parallel Programming and RunTime Management Techniques for Manycore Architectures and Design Tools and Architectures for Multicore Embedded Computing Platforms (PARMA-DITAM'18), co-located with 13th International Conference on High-Performance and Embedded Architectures and Compilers (HiPEAC), ACM, pp. 20–25, New York, NY, USA, Jan 2018. [doi]

Abstract

Modern embedded systems are rapidly increasing their complexity, both in terms of numbers of cores, as well as heterogeneity. To generate efficient code for these systems, it is common to leverage formal models of computation.
Among these, the dataflow model of Kahn Process Networks (KPN) is widespread because it is expressive but guarantees a deterministic execution. However, the KPN model is ill-suited to expose data-level parallelism, since this has to be made explicit in the process network. This is aggravated by the fact that its most common execution model, Kahn-MacQueen, poses restrictive conditions on the scheduling of data-parallel processes, leading to an inefficient execution. In this paper we present a novel extension to the KPN model and a relaxed execution strategy that addresses this problem, while keeping the deterministic KPN semantics. It improves run-time adaptivity in malleable way and provides implicit parallelism. We evaluate our approach on two architectures, improving the performance of a benchmark by up to 25.6% on an Intel chip with hyper-threading, and by up to 78.0% on a heterogeneous embedded ARM big.LITTLE architecture.

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Level Graphs: Generating Benchmarks for Concurrency Optimizations in Compilers

Reference

Andrés Goens, Sebastian Ertel, Justus Adam, Jeronimo Castrillon, "Level Graphs: Generating Benchmarks for Concurrency Optimizations in Compilers", Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Programmability and Architectures for Heterogeneous Multicores (MULTIPROG'2018), co-located with 13th International Conference on High-Performance and Embedded Architectures and Compilers (HiPEAC), Jan 2018.

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NVMain Extension for Multi-Level Cache Systems

Reference

Asif Ali Khan, Fazal Hameed, Jeronimo Castrillon, "NVMain Extension for Multi-Level Cache Systems", Proceedings of the 10th RAPIDO Workshop on Rapid Simulation and Performance Evaluation: Methods and Tools, co-located with 13th International Conference on High-Performance and Embedded Architectures and Compilers (HiPEAC), ACM, pp. 7:1–7:6, New York, NY, USA, Jan 2018. [doi]

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Efficient STT-RAM Last-Level-Cache Architecture to replace DRAM Cache

Reference

Fazal Hameed, Christian Menard, Jeronimo Castrillon, "Efficient STT-RAM Last-Level-Cache Architecture to replace DRAM Cache", Proceedings of the International Symposium on Memory Systems (MemSys'17), ACM, pp. 141–151, New York, NY, USA, Oct 2017. [doi]

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Multi-grained Performance Estimation for MPSoC Compilers: Work-in-progress

Reference

Miguel Angel Aguilar, Abhishek Aggarwal, Awaid Shaheen, Rainer Leupers, Gerd Ascheid, Jeronimo Castrillon, Liam Fitzpatrick, "Multi-grained Performance Estimation for MPSoC Compilers: Work-in-progress", Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Compilers, Architectures and Synthesis for Embedded Systems (CASES), ACM, pp. 14:1–14:2, New York, NY, USA, Oct 2017. [doi]

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Towards Compositional and Generative Tensor Optimizations

Reference

Adilla Susungi, Norman A. Rink, Jeronimo Castrillon, Immo Huismann, Albert Cohen, Claude Tadonki, Jörg Stiller, Jochen Fröhlich, "Towards Compositional and Generative Tensor Optimizations", Proceedings of 16th ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Generative Programming: Concepts and Experiences (GPCE'17), ACM, pp. 169–175, New York, NY, USA, Oct 2017. [doi]

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POSTER: Towards Fine-grained Dataflow Parallelism in Big Data Systems

Reference

Sebastian Ertel, Justus Adam, Jeronimo Castrillon, "POSTER: Towards Fine-grained Dataflow Parallelism in Big Data Systems", Proceedings of the 30th International Workshop on Languages and Compilers for Parallel Computing (LCPC 2017) (Lawrence Rauchwerger), Springer, Cham, pp. 281–282, Oct 2017. [doi]

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A Language and Development Environment for Parallel Particle Methods

Reference

Sven Karol, Tobias Nett, Pietro Incardona, Nesrine Khouzami, Jeronimo Castrillon, Ivo F. Sbalzarini, "A Language and Development Environment for Parallel Particle Methods", Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Particle-based Methods. Fundamentals and Applications PARTICLES 2017 (P. Wriggers and M. Bischoff and E. Oñate and D.R.J. Owen and T. Zohdi), Sep 2017.

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Wildly Heterogeneous Post-CMOS Technologies Meet Software (Dagstuhl Seminar 17061)

Reference

Jeronimo Castrillon, Tei-Wei Kuo, Heike E. Riel, Matthias Lieber, "Wildly Heterogeneous Post-CMOS Technologies Meet Software (Dagstuhl Seminar 17061)", In Dagstuhl Reports (Jerónimo Castrillón-Mazo and Tei-Wei Kuo and Heike E. Riel and Matthias Lieber), Schloss Dagstuhl–Leibniz-Zentrum fuer Informatik, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 1–22, Dagstuhl, Germany, Aug 2017. [doi]

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Symmetry in Software Synthesis

Reference

Andrés Goens, Sergio Siccha, Jeronimo Castrillon, "Symmetry in Software Synthesis", In ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization (TACO),, ACM, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 20:1–20:26, New York, NY, USA, Jul 2017. [doi]

Abstract

With the surge of multi- and manycores, much research has focused on algorithms for mapping and scheduling on these complex platforms. Large classes of these algorithms face scalability problems. This is why diverse methods are commonly used for reducing the search space. While most such approaches leverage the inherent symmetry of architectures and applications, they do it in a problem-specific and intuitive way. However, intuitive approaches become impractical with growing hardware complexity, like Network-on-Chip interconnect or heterogeneous cores. In this paper, we present a formal framework that can determine the inherent symmetry of architectures and applications algorithmically and leverage these for problems in software synthesis. Our approach is based on the mathematical theory of groups and a generalization called inverse semigroups. We evaluate our approach in two state-of-the-art mapping frameworks. Even for the platforms with a handful of cores of today and moderate-size benchmarks, our approach consistently yields reductions of the overall execution time of algorithms, accelerating them by a factor up to 10 in our experiments, or improving the quality of the results.

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System Simulation with gem5 and SystemC: The Keystone for Full Interoperability

Reference

Christian Menard, Matthias Jung, Jeronimo Castrillon, Norbert Wehn, "System Simulation with gem5 and SystemC: The Keystone for Full Interoperability", Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Embedded Computer Systems Architectures Modeling and Simulation (SAMOS), pp. 62–69, Jul 2017. [doi]

Abstract

SystemC TLM based virtual prototypes have become the main tool in industry and research for concurrent hardware and software development, as well as hardware design space exploration. However, there exists a lack of accurate, free, changeable and realistic SystemC models of modern CPUs. Therefore, many researchers use the cycle accurate open source system simulator gem5, which has been developed in parallel to the SystemC standard. In this paper we present a coupling of gem5 with SystemC that offers full interoperability between both simulation frameworks, and therefore enables a huge set of possibilities for system level design space exploration. Furthermore, we show that the coupling itself only induces a relatively small overhead to the total execution time of the simulation.

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TETRiS: a Multi-Application Run-Time System for Predictable Execution of Static Mappings

Reference

Andrés Goens, Robert Khasanov, Marcus Hähnel, Till Smejkal, Hermann Härtig, Jeronimo Castrillon, "TETRiS: a Multi-Application Run-Time System for Predictable Execution of Static Mappings", Proceedings of the 20th International Workshop on Software and Compilers for Embedded Systems (SCOPES'17), ACM, pp. 11–20, New York, NY, USA, Jun 2017. [doi]

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Robust Mapping of Process Networks to Many-Core Systems Using Bio-Inspired Design Centering

Reference

Gerald Hempel, Andrés Goens, Josefine Asmus, Jeronimo Castrillon, Ivo F. Sbalzarini, "Robust Mapping of Process Networks to Many-Core Systems Using Bio-Inspired Design Centering", Proceedings of the 20th International Workshop on Software and Compilers for Embedded Systems (SCOPES '17), ACM, pp. 21–30, New York, NY, USA, Jun 2017. [doi]

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Architecture, Languages, Compilation and Hardware support for Emerging ManYcore systems (ALCHEMY): Preface

Reference

Johanna Sepúlveda, Vania Marangozova-Martin, Jeronimo Castrillon, "Architecture, Languages, Compilation and Hardware support for Emerging ManYcore systems (ALCHEMY): Preface", Elsevier, Jun 2017. [doi]

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Extending a Compiler Backend for Complete Memory Error Detection

Reference

Norman A. Rink, Jeronimo Castrillon, "Extending a Compiler Backend for Complete Memory Error Detection", In Proceeding: Lecture Notes in Informatics: Automotive - Safety & Security 2017 (Peter Dencker and Herbert Klenk and Hubert Kelle and Erhard Plödereder), pp. 61–74, May 2017. (Best paper award)

Abstract

Technological advances drive hardware to ever smaller feature sizes, causing devices to become more vulnerable to faults. Applications can be protected against errors resulting from faults by adding error detection and recovery measures in software. This is popularly achieved by applying automatic program transformations. However, transformations applied to intermediate program representations are fundamentally incapable of protecting against vulnerabilities that are introduced during compilation. In particular, the compiler backend may introduce additional memory accesses. This report presents an extended compiler backend that protects these accesses against faults in the memory system. It is demonstrated that this enables the detection of all single bit flips in memory. On a subset of SPEC CINT2006 the runtime overhead caused by the extended backend amounts to 1.50x for the 32-bit processor architecture i386, and 1.13x for the 64-bit architecture x86 64.

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Application Interference Analysis: Towards Energy-efficient Workload Management on Heterogeneous Micro-Server Architectures

Reference

Markus Haehnel, Frehiwot Melak Arega, Waltenegus Dargie, Robert Khasanov, Jeronimo Castrillon, "Application Interference Analysis: Towards Energy-efficient Workload Management on Heterogeneous Micro-Server Architectures", Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Big Data in Cloud Performance (DCPerf'17), IEEE Conference on Computer Communications Workshops (INFOCOM WKSHPS), pp. 432-437, May 2017. [doi]

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Trading Fault Tolerance for Performance in AN Encoding

Reference

Norman A. Rink, Jeronimo Castrillon, "Trading Fault Tolerance for Performance in AN Encoding", Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Computing Frontiers (CF'17), ACM, pp. 183–190, New York, NY, USA, May 2017. [doi]

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MAPS: A Software Development Environment for Embedded Multicore Applications

Reference

Rainer Leupers, Miguel Angel Aguilar, Juan Fernando Eusse, Jeronimo Castrillon, Weihua Sheng, "MAPS: A Software Development Environment for Embedded Multicore Applications", Springer Netherlands, pp. 1–33, Dordrecht, Apr 2017. [doi]

Abstract

The use of heterogeneous Multi-Processor System-on-Chip (MPSoC) is a widely accepted solution to address the increasing demands on high performance and energy efficiency for modern embedded devices. To enable the full potential of these platforms, new tools are needed to tackle the programming complexity of MPSoCs, while allowing for high productivity. This chapter discusses the MPSoC Application Programming Studio (MAPS), a framework that provides facilities for expressing parallelism and tool flows for parallelization, mapping/scheduling, and code generation for heterogeneous MPSoCs. Two case studies of the use of MAPS in commercial environments are presented. This chapter closes by discussing early experiences of transferring the MAPS technology into Silexica GmbH, a start-up company that provides multi-core programming tools.

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Analyzing State-of-the-Art Role-based Programming Languages

Reference

Lars Schütze, Jeronimo Castrillon, "Analyzing State-of-the-Art Role-based Programming Languages", Proceedings of the First International Conference on the Art, Science and Engineering of Programming (Programming'17), ACM, pp. 9:1–9:6, New York, NY, USA, Apr 2017. [doi]

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Rethinking On-chip DRAM Cache for Simultaneous Performance and Energy Optimization

Reference

Fazal Hameed, Jeronimo Castrillon, "Rethinking On-chip DRAM Cache for Simultaneous Performance and Energy Optimization", Proceedings of the 2017 Design, Automation and Test in Europe conference (DATE), EDA Consortium, pp. 362–367, Mar 2017. [doi]

Abstract

State-of-the-art DRAM cache employs a small Tag-Cache and its performance is dependent upon two important parameters namely bank-level-parallelism and Tag-Cache hit rate. These parameters depend upon the row buffer organization. Recently, it has been shown that a small row buffer organization delivers better performance via improved bank-level-parallelism than the traditional large row buffer organization along with energy benefits. However, small row buffers do not fully exploit the temporal locality of tag accesses, leading to reduced Tag- Cache hit rates. As a result, the DRAM cache needs to be re-designed for small row buffer organization to achieve additional performance benefits. In this paper, we propose a novel tag-store mechanism that improves the Tag-Cache hit rate by 70% compared to existing DRAM tag-store mechanisms employing small row buffer organization. In addition, we enhance the DRAM cache controller with novel policies that take into account the locality characteristics of cache accesses. We evaluate our novel tag-store mechanism and controller policies in an 8-core system running the SPEC2006 benchmark and compare their performance and energy consumption against recent proposals. Our architecture improves the average performance by 21.2% and 11.4% respectively compared to large and small row buffer organizations via simultaneously improving both parameters. Compared to DRAM cache with large row buffer organization, we report an energy improvement of 62%.

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flexMEDiC: flexible Memory Error Detection by Combined data encoding and duplication

Reference

Norman A. Rink, Jeronimo Castrillon, "flexMEDiC: flexible Memory Error Detection by Combined data encoding and duplication", Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Resiliency in Embedded Electronic Systems (REES), co-located with DATE 2017, pp. 15–22, Mar 2017.

Abstract

Errors in memory are known to be a major cause of system failures. Moreover, it has recently been found that single-error correcting, double-error detecting (SECDED) codes, which are widely used in ECC memory modules, are incapable of handling large fractions of errors that occur in practice. This calls for more powerful error detection measures. However, the higher the number of bit flips that can still be detected as an error, the larger the memory overhead. Cost considerations and the varying needs for reliability of different applications may not always warrant laying down extra hardware to accommodate overheads. Software-implemented error detection offers a flexible alternative. In this work we propose the software-implemented flexMEDiC scheme for detecting errors in the memory system, including main memory, on-chip caches, and load-store queues. It is shown that single and double bit flips are detected by flexMEDiC, and evidence is given that suggests that up to five bit flips within a single data word can still be detected as errors. The average runtime overhead incurred by flexMEDiC is 1.55x.

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Programming for adaptive and energy-efficient computing

Reference

Jeronimo Castrillon, "Programming for adaptive and energy-efficient computing", In International Conference on High Performance Compilation, Computing and Communications (HP3C-2017) (keynote), Mar 2017.

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Optimizing for Data-Parallelism in Kahn Process Networks

Reference

Andrés Goens, Jeronimo Castrillon, "Optimizing for Data-Parallelism in Kahn Process Networks", In Proceeding: ACM SRC at International Symposium on Code Generationand Optimization (CGO), Feb 2017.

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On Mapping to Multi/Manycores

Reference

Jeronimo Castrillon, "On Mapping to Multi/Manycores", In 10th International Workshop on Programmability and Architectures for Heterogeneous Multicores (MULTIPROG-2017), held in conjunction with the 12th International Conference on High-Performance and Embedded Architectures and Compilers (HiPEAC) (invited talk), Jan 2017.

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https://cfaed.tu-dresden.de/publications?pubId=1319

Flexible and Scalable Dataflow Programming for Manycores

Reference

Jeronimo Castrillon, "Flexible and Scalable Dataflow Programming for Manycores", In Tutorial for heterogeneous multicore design automation: current and future, held in conjunction with the 12th International Conference on High-Performance and Embedded Architectures and Compilers (HiPEAC) (invited talk), Jan 2017.

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https://cfaed.tu-dresden.de/publications?pubId=1320

Comprehensive Backend Support for Local Memory Fault Tolerance

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Norman A. Rink, Jeronimo Castrillon, "Comprehensive Backend Support for Local Memory Fault Tolerance", Technical report, Technische Universität Dresden, pp. 11, Dec 2016.

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https://cfaed.tu-dresden.de/publications?pubId=1308

The Orchestration Stack: The Impossible Task of Designing Software for Unknown Future Post-CMOS Hardware

Reference

Marcus Völp, Sascha Klüppelholz, Jeronimo Castrillon, Hermann Härtig, Nils Asmussen, Uwe Assmann, Franz Baader, Christel Baier, Gerhard Fettweis, Jochen Fröhlich, Andres Goens, Sebastian Haas, Dirk Habich, Mattis Hasler, Immo Huismann, Tomas Karnagel, Sven Karol, Wolfgang Lehner, Linda Leuschner, Matthias Lieber, Siqi Ling, Steffen Märcker, Johannes Mey, Wolfgang Nagel, Benedikt Nöthen, Rafael Peñaloza, Michael Raitza, Jörg Stiller, Annett Ungethüm, Axel Voigt, "The Orchestration Stack: The Impossible Task of Designing Software for Unknown Future Post-CMOS Hardware", Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Post-Moore's Era Supercomputing (PMES), Co-located with The International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis (SC16), Salt Lake City, USA, Nov 2016.

Abstract

Future systems based on post-CMOS technologies,
will be wildly heterogeneous, with properties largely unknown today.,
This paper presents our design of a new hardware/software stack to address the,
challenge of preparing software development for such systems.,
It combines well-understood technologies from different areas, e.g., network-on-chips,
capability operating systems, flexible programming models and model checking.,
We describe our approach and provide details on key technologies.

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https://cfaed.tu-dresden.de/publications?pubId=923

High-Level NoC Model for MPSoC Compilers

Reference

Christian Menard, Andrés Goens, Jeronimo Castrillon, "High-Level NoC Model for MPSoC Compilers", Proceedings of the IEEE Nordic Circuits and Systems Conference (NORCAS'16), pp. 1-6, Copenhagen, Denmark, Nov 2016. [doi]

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1611_Menard_NORCAS [PDF]

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https://cfaed.tu-dresden.de/publications?pubId=1180

Why Comparing System-level MPSoC Mapping Approaches is Difficult: a Case Study

Reference

Andres Goens, Robert Khasanov, Jeronimo Castrillon, Simon Polstra, Andy Pimentel, "Why Comparing System-level MPSoC Mapping Approaches is Difficult: a Case Study", Proceedings of the IEEE 10th International Symposium on Embedded Multicore/Many-core Systems-on-Chip (MCSoC-16), pp. 281-288, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Lyon, France, Sep 2016. [doi]

Abstract

Software abstractions are crucial to effectively program heterogeneous Multi-Processor Systems on Chip (MPSoCs). Prime examples of such abstractions are Kahn Process Networks (KPNs) and execution traces. When modeling computation as a KPN, one of the key challenges is to obtain a good mapping, i.e., an assignment of logical computation and communication to physical resources. In this paper we compare two system-level frameworks for solving the mapping problem: Sesame and MAPS. These frameworks, while superficially similar, embody different approaches. Sesame, motivated by modeling and design-space exploration, uses evolutionary algorithms for mapping. MAPS, being a compiler framework, uses simple and fast heuristics instead. In this work we highlight the value of common abstractions, such as KPNs and traces, as a vehicle to enable comparisons between large independent frameworks. These types of comparisons are fundamental for advancing research in the area. At the same time, we illustrate how the lack of formalized models at the hardware level are an obstacle to achieving fair comparisons. Additionally, using a set of applications from the embedded systems domain, we observe that genetic algorithms tend to outperform heuristics by a factor between 1x and 5x, with notable exceptions. This performance comes at the cost of a longer computation time, between 0 and 2 orders of magnitude in our experiments.

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1609_Goens_MCSoC [PDF]

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https://cfaed.tu-dresden.de/publications?pubId=806

Compile- and Run-time Approaches for the Selection of Efficient Data Structures for Dynamic Graph Analysis

Reference

Benjamin Schiller, Clemens Deusser, Jeronimo Castrillon, Thorsten Strufe, "Compile- and Run-time Approaches for the Selection of Efficient Data Structures for Dynamic Graph Analysis", In Journal of Applied Network Science, vol. 1, no. 9, pp. 1–22, Sep 2016. [doi]

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1607_Schiller_JANS [PDF]

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https://cfaed.tu-dresden.de/publications?pubId=855

Compiling for Deeply Embedded and Heterogeneous Signal Processing Systems

Reference

Jeronimo Castrillon, "Compiling for Deeply Embedded and Heterogeneous Signal Processing Systems", In IEEE 5G Dresden Summit (invited talk), Sep 2016.

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https://cfaed.tu-dresden.de/publications?pubId=1186

An Optimal Allocation of Memory Buffers for Complex Multicore Platforms

Reference

Andrés Goens, Jeronimo Castrillon, Maximilian Odendahl, Rainer Leupers, "An Optimal Allocation of Memory Buffers for Complex Multicore Platforms", In Journal of Systems Architecture, Elsevier, vol. 66-67, pp. 69–83, May 2016. [doi]

Abstract

In deeply embedded heterogeneous multicores the allocation of data to memories is crucial for application performance. For applications with stringent throughput constraints, the allocation is often done manually by carefully assigning static memory locations to the logical buffers of the application. Today, designers are confronted with applications with thousands of buffers and architectures with hundreds of memories, rendering manual approaches impractical. In this paper we present an automatic approach for statically allocating logical buffers to physical memories, assuming a fixed task-to-processor mapping and respecting multiple throughput constraints.
In our approach, we model the application in a data-centric way, by explicitly defining buffers and associating computational tasks that access the buffers within well-specified time intervals. Besides, we use an architecture model that allows to perform an allocation that is aware of the topology of the multicore and the physical bandwidth constraints of the interconnect. We present a layered approach to describe and solve the buffer-allocation problem as well as related subproblems, using mixed-integer linear pro- gramming. We show that the buffer-allocation problem is NP-complete, and present a more scalable formulation as a semi-definite programming problem. We evaluate the proposed LP methods by allocating around 1000 buffers corresponding to processing one frame in the Long-Term Evolution (LTE) standard, onto a multicore with 80 processing elements. We introduce a solution approach that allowed to find an optimal allocation in around 2 hours, which is at least two orders of magnitude faster than a straightforward formulation.

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https://cfaed.tu-dresden.de/publications?pubId=684

Programming Heterogeneous Embedded Systems for IoT

Reference

Jeronimo Castrillon, "Programming Heterogeneous Embedded Systems for IoT", In Workshop get-togethers toward a sustainable collaboration in IoT (invited talk), Apr 2016. ([link])

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160418_castrillon_dataflow4IoT [PDF]

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https://cfaed.tu-dresden.de/publications?pubId=779

Fault Tolerance with Aspects: a Feasibility Study

Reference

Sven Karol, Norman A. Rink, Bálint Gyapjas, Jeronimo Castrillon, "Fault Tolerance with Aspects: a Feasibility Study", Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Modularity, ACM, pp. 66–69, New York, NY, USA, Mar 2016. [doi]

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1603_Karol_Modularity_preprint [PDF]

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https://cfaed.tu-dresden.de/publications?pubId=651

Analysis of Process Traces for Mapping Dynamic KPN Applications to MPSoCs

Reference

Andrés Goens, Jeronimo Castrillon, "Analysis of Process Traces for Mapping Dynamic KPN Applications to MPSoCs", In Proceeding: System Level Design from HW/SW to Memory for Embedded Systems. IESS 2015. IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, vol 523 (Götz, Marcelo and Schirner, Gunar and Wehrmeister, Marco Aurélio and Al Faruque, Mohammad Abdullah and Rettberg, Achim), Springer International Publishing, pp. 116–127, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil, Nov 2015. [doi]

Abstract

Current approaches for mapping Kahn Process Networks (KPN) and Dynamic Data Flow (DDF) applications rely on assumptions on the program behavior specific to an execution. Thus, a near-optimal mapping, computed for a given input data set, may become sub-optimal at run-time. This happens when a different data set induces a significantly different behavior. We address this problem by leveraging inherent mathematical structures of the dataflow models and the hardware architectures. On the side of the dataflow models, we rely on the monoid structure of histories and traces. This structure help us formalize the behavior of multiple executions of a given dynamic application. By defining metrics we have a formal framework for comparing the executions. On the side of the hardware, we take advantage of symmetries in the architecture to reduce the search space for the mapping problem. We evaluate our implementation on execution variations of a randomly-generated KPN application and on a low-variation JPEG encoder benchmark. Using the described methods we show that trace differences are not sufficient for characterizing performance losses. Additionally, using platform symmetries we manage to reduce the design space in the experiments by two orders of magnitude.

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1511_Goens_IESS [PDF]

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https://cfaed.tu-dresden.de/publications?pubId=463

Efficient data structures for dynamic graph analysis

Reference

Benjamin Schiller, Jeronimo Castrillon, Thorsten Strufe, "Efficient data structures for dynamic graph analysis", Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Signal-Image Technology & Internet-Based Systems (SITIS) (Lisa O'Conner), IEEE Computer Society, pp. 497–504, Bangkok, Thailand, Nov 2015. [doi]

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https://cfaed.tu-dresden.de/publications?pubId=465

Improving Code Generation for Software-based Error Detection

Reference

Norman A. Rink, Jeronimo Castrillon, "Improving Code Generation for Software-based Error Detection", Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Resiliency in Embedded Electronic Systems (REES), co-located with ESWEEK 2015, pp. 16–30, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Oct 2015. ([link])

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1510_Rink_REES [PDF]

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https://cfaed.tu-dresden.de/publications?pubId=464

Analysis and software synthesis of KPN applications

Reference

Jeronimo Castrillon, "Analysis and software synthesis of KPN applications", In Design of Robotics and Embedded systems, Analysis, and Modeling Seminar (DREAMS) (invited talk), Oct 2015. ([link])

Abstract

Programming models based on dataflow or process
networks are a good match for streaming
applications, common in the signal processing,
multimedia and automotive domains. In such models,
parallelism is expressed explicitly which makes
them well-suited for programming parallel
machines. Since today's applications are no
longer static, expressive programming models are
needed, such as those based on Kahn Process
Networks (KPNs). In these models, tasks cannot be
handled as black boxes, but have to be analyzed,
profiled and traced to characterize their
behavior. This is especially important in the case
of heterogenous platforms with many processors of
multiple different types. This presentation
describes a tool flow to handle KPN applications
and gives insights into mapping algorithms for
heterogeneous platforms.

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151022_castrillon_dreams [PDF]

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https://cfaed.tu-dresden.de/publications?pubId=466

Dataflow programming for heterogeneous computing systems

Reference

Jeronimo Castrillon, "Dataflow programming for heterogeneous computing systems", In Tutorial Algorithmic Specification, Tools and Algorithms for Programming Heterogeneous Platforms. Co-located with the 24th International Conference on Parallel Architectures and Compilation Techniques (PACT'15), Oct 2015. ([link])

Abstract

This tutorial talk starts by introducing new types of heterogeneous systems and their challenges for hardware/software programming stacks. These systems are currently being investigated in the context of the German cluster of excellence Cfaed – ''Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden''. We will then look at dataflow modeling concepts, with emphasis on the dynamic models that are needed to express today's changing workloads. Finally, the talk will introduce methods and algorithms for mapping sets of applications modeled in this way to heterogeneous systems.

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151018_castrillon_dataflow_pacttut [PDF]

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https://cfaed.tu-dresden.de/publications?pubId=468

GCC-Plugin for Automated Accelerator Generation and Integration on Hybrid FPGA-SoCs

Reference

Markus Vogt, Gerald Hempel, Jeronimo Castrillon, Christian Hochberger, "GCC-Plugin for Automated Accelerator Generation and Integration on Hybrid FPGA-SoCs", Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on FPGAs for Software Programmers (FSP), Sep 2015. ([link])

Abstract

In recent years, architectures combining a reconfigurable fabric and a general purpose processor on a single chip became increasingly popular. Such hybrid architectures allow extending embedded software with application specific hardware accelerators to improve performance and/or energy efficiency. Aiding system designers and programmers at handling the complexity of the required process of hardware/software (HW/SW) partitioning is an important issue. Current methods are often restricted, either to bare-metal systems, to subsets of mainstream programming languages, or require special coding guidelines, e.g., via annotations. These restrictions still represent a high entry barrier for the wider community of programmers that new hybrid architectures are intended for. In this paper we revisit HW/SW partitioning and present a seamless programming flow for unrestricted, legacy C code. It consists of a retargetable GCC plugin that automatically identifies code sections for hardware acceleration and generates code accordingly. The proposed workflow was evaluated on the Xilinx Zynq platform using unmodified code from an embedded benchmark suite.

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1509_Vogt_FSP [PDF]

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https://cfaed.tu-dresden.de/publications?pubId=454

Orchestration: Turning material breakthroughs into application performance

Reference

Jeronimo Castrillon, "Orchestration: Turning material breakthroughs into application performance", In Dresden Microelectronics Academy, (invited talk), Sep 2015.

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150918_castrillon_dma [PDF]

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https://cfaed.tu-dresden.de/publications?pubId=462

Compiling for Resilience: the Performance Gap

Reference

Norman A. Rink, Dmitrii Kuvaiskii, Jeronimo Castrillon, Christof Fetzer, "Compiling for Resilience: the Performance Gap", Chapter in Parallel Computing: On the Road to Exascale (ParCo 2015). Extended from Proceedings of the Mini-Symposium on Energy and Resilience in Parallel Programming (ERPP 2015) (Gerhard R. Joubert and Hugh Leather and Mark Parsons and Frans Peters and Mark Sawyer), IOS Press, vol. 27, pp. 721–730, Edinburgh, Scotland, Sep 2015. [doi]

Abstract

In order to perform reliable computations on unreliable hardware, software-based protection mechanisms have been proposed. In this paper we present a compiler infrastructure for software-based code hardening based on encoding. We analyze the trade-off between performance and fault coverage. We look at different code generation strategies that improve the performance of hardened programs by up to 2x while incurring little fault coverage degradation.

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https://cfaed.tu-dresden.de/publications?pubId=782

Software-Backed Caching and Virtual Addressing for Generated Accelerators in SoC FPGAs

Reference

Gerald Hempel, Markus Vogt, Jeronimo Castrillon, Christian Hochberger, "Software-Backed Caching and Virtual Addressing for Generated Accelerators in SoC FPGAs", Proceedings of 41st EUROMICRO Conference on Software Engineering and Advanced Applications - Work in Progress Session (Grosspietsch, Erwin and Klöckner, Konrad), SEA-Publications: SEA-SR-44, Funchal, Madeira (Portugal), August 2015.

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https://cfaed.tu-dresden.de/publications?pubId=452

Towards a Next-Generation Parallel Particle-Mesh Language

Reference

Sven Karol, Pietro Incardona, Yaser Afshar, Ivo Sbalzarini, Jeronimo Castrillon, "Towards a Next-Generation Parallel Particle-Mesh Language", Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Domain-Specific Language Design and Implementation (DSLDI), pp. 15–18, Jul 2015. ([link])

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1507_Karol_PPML [PDF]

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https://cfaed.tu-dresden.de/publications?pubId=453

ViPES 2015-Preface

Reference

Diana Göhringer, Michael Hübner, Jeronimo Castrillon, Cristina Silvano, "ViPES 2015-Preface", Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Embedded Computer Systems: Architectures, Modeling, and Simulation (SAMOS), pp. 347–347, Jul 2015. [doi]

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https://cfaed.tu-dresden.de/publications?pubId=783

Portable Libraries and Programming Environments

Reference

Jeronimo Castrillon, "Portable Libraries and Programming Environments", In HiPEAC Computing Systems Week, (invited talk), May 2015.

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150505_castrillon_csw [PDF]

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https://cfaed.tu-dresden.de/publications?pubId=449

Multi/Many-core Programming: Where Are We Standing?

Reference

Jeronimo Castrillon, Lothar Thiele, Lars Schorr, Weihua Sheng, Ben Juurlink, Mauricio Alvarez-Mesa, Angela Pohl, Ralph Jessenberger, Victor Reyes, Rainer Leupers, "Multi/Many-core Programming: Where Are We Standing?", Proceedings of the 2015 Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition (DATE), EDA Consortium, pp. 1708–1717, San Jose, CA, USA, Mar 2015. ([link])

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https://cfaed.tu-dresden.de/publications?pubId=178

Tools and dataflow-based programming models for heterogeneous MPSoCs

Reference

Jeronimo Castrillon, "Tools and dataflow-based programming models for heterogeneous MPSoCs", In Workshop on Power-Efficient GPU and Many-core Computing (PEGPUM'15) in conjunction with the HiPEAC Conference (invited talk), Jan 2015.

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150121_castrillon_pegpum [PDF]

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https://cfaed.tu-dresden.de/publications?pubId=450

Simulation and Estimation for MPSoC Programming Tools

Reference

Jeronimo Castrillon, "Simulation and Estimation for MPSoC Programming Tools", In Proceeding: Workshop on Rapid Simulation and Performance Evaluation: Methods and Tools (RAPIDO'15), in conjunction with the HiPEAC Conference (keynote), Jan 2015.

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150121_castrillon_rapido [PDF]

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https://cfaed.tu-dresden.de/publications?pubId=451

Compiler Flow for Processors and Systems

Reference

Jeronimo Castrillon, "Compiler Flow for Processors and Systems", In Winter School on Design, Programming and Applications of Multi Processor System on Chip (invited talk), Nov 2014.

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141127_castrillon_compilers [PDF]

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https://cfaed.tu-dresden.de/publications?pubId=447

Heuristics for robust allocation of resources to parallel applications with uncertain execution times in heterogeneous systems with uncertain availability

Reference

Timothy Hansen, Florina M. Ciorba, Anthony A. Maciejewski, Howard Jay Siegel, Srishti Srivastava, Ioana Banicescu, "Heuristics for robust allocation of resources to parallel applications with uncertain execution times in heterogeneous systems with uncertain availability" , Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering (WCE), Jul 2014.

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https://cfaed.tu-dresden.de/publications?pubId=990

Programming Heterogeneous MPSoCs: Tool Flows to Close the Software Productivity Gap

Reference

Jeronimo Castrillon, Rainer Leupers, "Programming Heterogeneous MPSoCs: Tool Flows to Close the Software Productivity Gap", Springer, pp. 258, 2014. ([link])

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https://cfaed.tu-dresden.de/publications?pubId=446

System-Level Analysis of MPSoCs with a Hardware Scheduler

Reference

Diandian Zhang, Jeronimo Castrillon, Stefan Schürmans, Gerd Ascheid, Rainer Leupers, and Bart Vanthournout, "System-Level Analysis of MPSoCs with a Hardware Scheduler", Hershey: IGI Global, pp. 335–367, 2014. [doi]

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Software Compilation and Optimization Techniques for Heterogeneous Multi-core Platforms

Reference

Weihua Sheng, Jeronimo Castrillon, Rainer Leupers, "Software Compilation and Optimization Techniques for Heterogeneous Multi-core Platforms", iSTE - Wiley, pp. 203–235.

Abstract

This chapter addresses the challenges associated with compilation and optimization techniques for heterogeneous multi-core computing systems in the embedded industry. Wireless terminals and modems are typical examples of such systems, which demand high performance and energy efficiency at the same time. To fully exploit the computing power of those systems, the existing compiler technology for single processor systems does not suit the need and scale for multi-core architectures anymore. The authors have applied a systematic approach to tackle the problems of application modeling, source-to-source compilation, flexible compiler infrastructure construction and software distribution for multi-core architectures from a practical perspective. Several real-world multi-core platforms as well as system-level virtual platforms have been successfully used to demonstrate the achievable speed-ups and versatility of the compilation and optimization techniques developed in this work.

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https://cfaed.tu-dresden.de/publications?pubId=3002

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https://cfaed.tu-dresden.de/publications?pubId=3156